How Climatology Is Different From Meteorology

Climatology is the study of the slowly varying behavior of Earths atmosphere, oceans, and land (climate) over a period of time. It can also be thought of as weather over a period of time. It is considered a branch of meteorology. A person who studies or practices climatology professionally is known as a climatologist. Two main areas of climatology include paleoclimatology, the study of past climates by examining records such as ice cores and tree rings; and historical climatology, the study of climate as it relates to human history over the last few thousand years. What Do Climatologists Do? Everyone knows that meteorologists work to forecast the weather. But what about climatologists? They study: Climate variability:  Climate variability describes short-term (lasting years to decades) changes in climate caused by naturally occurring events like El Nià ±o, volcanic activity, or changes in the suns activity (solar cycles).Climate change:  Climate change is a warming or cooling in long-term (lasting decades to millions of years) weather patterns, at different places around the world.Global warming:  Global warming describes an increase in Earths average temperature over time.  Note: Although climate change and global warming are two different things, when we talk about climate change were usually referring to global warming because our planet is currently warming temperatures. Climatologists study the above in a number of ways, including studying climate patterns — long-term that have a bearing on our weather today. These climate patterns include El Nià ±o, La Nià ±a, the Arctic oscillation, North Atlantic oscillation, and so on. Commonly gathered climate data and maps include: TemperaturePrecipitation (rainfall and drought)Snow and ice coverSevere weather (thunderstorms and tornadoes frequency)Surface radiationOcean temperatures (SSTs) One of the benefits of climatology is the availability of data for past weather. Understanding past weather can give meteorologists and everyday citizens a view of trends in weather over an extended period of time in most locations around the globe. Although climate has been tracked for a while, there are some data that cannot be obtained; generally anything before 1880.  For this, scientists turn to climate models to forecast and generate a best guess of what the climate may have looked like in the past and  what it may look like  into the future. Why Climatology Matters Weather made its way into mainstream media in the late 1980s and 1990s, but climatology is only now gaining in popularity as global warming becomes a live concern for our society. What once was little more than a laundry list of numbers and data is now a key to understanding how our weather and climate could change within our foreseeable future. Edited by Tiffany Means

Case Study - 148348 Words

Instructor’s Manual Exploring Strategy Ninth edition Gerry Johnson Richard Whittington Kevan Scholes Steve Pyle For further instructor material please visit: www.pearsoned.co.uk/mystrategylab ISBN: 978-0-273-73557-1 (printed) ISBN: 978-0-273-73552-6 (web) ï £ © Pearson Education Limited 2011 Lecturers adopting the main text are permitted to download and photocopy the manual as required. Pearson Education Limited Edinburgh Gate Harlow Essex CM20 2JE England and Associated Companies around the world. Visit us on the World Wide Web at: www.pearsoned.co.uk ---------------------------------This edition published 2011  © Pearson Education Limited 2011 The rights of Gerry Johnson, Richard Whittington and Kevan Scholes to be†¦show more content†¦Mergers and De-mergers in the Public Sector Severstal Queensland Rail: QR Ltd (QR) The Changan-Ford Joint Venture: Same Bed but Different Dreams? TNK-BP: from Russia Without Love – a Joint Venture That Almost Fell Apart International HIV / AIDS Alliance Doman Synthetic Fibres plc (B) Sony Corporation: Restructuring Continues, Problems Remain LEAX: Managing Through a Crisis Design and Development of Strategy Processes at RACC Consulting in MacFarlane Solutions NHS Direct: Managing in Difficult Times 235 254 257 264 270 276 281 285 289 295 299 307 311 317 322 326 329 335 340 345 350 353 357 4  © Pearson Education Limited 2011 Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, Exploring Strategy, 9th Edition, Instructor’s Manual Supporting resources Visit the Exploring Strategy, ninth edition Companion Website at www.pearsoned.co.uk/mystrategylab. Register to create your own personal account using the access code supplied with the copy of the book. 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Methodology & It Role in Project Management-Samples for Students

Questions: 1. Define what a methodology is and the role it serves in Project Management. 2. Familiarise yourselves with the various methodologies in the list below. Choose two methodologies from this list to compare and contrast, analysing the similarities and differences between them both. 3. Finally, identify how your chosen methodologies and processes relate to the project life cycle (PLC). Answers: 1.Methodology it role in project management. The project management methodology refers to the practices and the techniques with the procedures that are used for working on a particular discipline. They are important for easy delivering of the project, with application of the different principles, themes, frameworks and the processes. The methodologies help in providing a proper structure that will help in easy delivery of the project. With this, there is a proper stack which includes the PMIs PMBOK and XP for the simplified processes. The project management helps in the customer collaboration and easy response to the change in the plan, by being agile. (Kerzner, 2013). The individuals and interactions are for the easy processes and the tools where the working on the software is over any type of the comprehensive documentation. This works with the agile projects that are characterised depending upon the demands of the customer. 2.Methodologies: compare and contrast, analysing the similarities and differences The agile methodology focus on the collaboration to handle the iterative forms to deliver the works. With this, there are different sets of the values which includes the individuals and the interactions for easy processing and the tool setup, working with the software and comprehensive documentation. The collaboration of the customer over the contract negotiation works with response to the change with being agile to the set of values and principles. The agile management methodology is taken through the series which includes the situation demands rather than any form of the pre-planned processes. (Macombe et al., 2013). Hence, for this, the agile teams work with the unpredictability through the incremental and the iterative forms of the work process. The agile project management process is mainly to handle the execution, planning and evaluating the projects. The waterfall methodology is to include the theme with the solid planning, and setting the right approach which will help in defining an easy plan for execution. The project manager tends to handle the large working with the executions based on adhering to the requirements. The requirements are defined with mainly focusing on the different phase acts as the input for the next phase. The project is then flowing through the process where there are designing, implementation, testing and maintenance phase. In this, once the testing is done, there is a scope to reflect, and revise to the changes. (Stark, 2015). The waterfall model holds the traditional project management approach where the technology is understood with well documented and the clear requirements. They are able to provide with the better results for the budget, timeline and scope. 3.How your chosen methodologies and processes relate to the project life cycle (PLC): Agile is able to work on the planning, with the execution and evaluating the project demands, where the major focus is on the adaptability to change the situations adequately. With this, there are certain ongoing communication of the project team mainly in between them and the client. They include a broad range of the software development with easy focus on the management of flow of work. The activities and the requirements are to take hold of the practices with concrete activities and the products that are the part of the framework. It works with the individuals and the interactions over the processes and tools that work on the software over the comprehensive forms of the documents. (Walden et al., 2015). The agile network helps in management of the final deliverable which depends on the results and continuous collaboration with the project stakeholders. The waterfall model is for focusing on: The systems and the requirements of the software which is captured depending upon the requirement of products. The analysis and then designing will help in building a proper schema with the business rules. The coding and the development is set through the integration of the software with development forms. The testing and operations are depending upon the debugging of defects with easy installation, migration, support and the maintenance of the systems. References Kerzner, H. (2013).Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley Sons. Macombe, C., Leskinen, P., Feschet, P., Antikainen, R. (2013). Social life cycle assessment of biodiesel production at three levels: a literature review and development needs.Journal of Cleaner Production,52, 205-216. Stark, J. (2015). Product lifecycle management. InProduct Lifecycle Management (Volume 1)(pp. 1-29). Springer International Publishing. Walden, D. D., Roedler, G. J., Forsberg, K., Hamelin, R. D., Shortell, T. M. (Eds.). (2015).Systems engineering handbook: A guide for system life cycle processes and activities. Wiley.