Economic History of Europe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Economic History of Europe - Essay Example However, in the late 13 century the economy started to decline due to land shortages, overpopulation and depleted soils for food production and other agricultural activities. Conversely, the vast famine of the 1315-17 contributed immensely to the decline in economic growth and development resulting in stoppage of population growth. Agriculture also shrank further; profits declined as prices reduced in 1348 due to the Black Death outbreak in which almost half of the population of England was killed, thus plaguing the gains the economy had achieved further. England faced similar economic challenges just like the rest of Europe that were characterized by rapid inflation as a result of loss of real wages and an increase in New World golds. To understand further the how stagnant the economy of England was during the pre-industrial revolution era, the Malthusian theory of income determination cannot be ignored. In England, during the pre-industrial era, which was between 1200 -1640, living standards were dictated by the population (Nicholas and Steckel, 1991). According to Malthusian, decrease in population led to the increase in the per capita income in England. Malthusian also stated that the tradeoff between mortality rate and fertility rate determined the income in the pre-industrial economy. The model shows how the economy of England was, thus stagnant by the following assumptions developed by Malthusian (Galor and Wepl, 1999). The birth rate, mortality rate and the living standards among the ancient people were the three assumptions that Malthusian used to explain why the economy was stagnant. Birth rate increased the population in England, which in return led to the decrease in the living standards among the people (Galor and Weil, 1999). On the other hand, the death rate that resulted in the decrease in population, led to the increase and improvement in the living standards among the people in England. The three assumptions, which are also referred to

Sugar Trade Essay Example for Free

Sugar Trade Essay Many things helped drive the sugar trade. Demand, slavery, and climate played a major role in the driving of the sugar trade. Demand was greatly increasing throughout the years. The climate of the caribbean islands where cane sugar was grown. Slavery provided â€Å"free† work to produce sugar which in turn increased profits for the farmers. In England, sugar was not shipped there until the year 1317. But once the sugar was becoming a popular import, it boomed. Sugar consumption and import grew tremendously from 1700 to 1775. In 1700, Britain imported 280.7 sugar imports per 1000 cwts and each person consumed 4.6 pounds of sugar annually. These numbers increased by almost as much as 500% of imports and almost 400% of consumption. In 1770, 1,379.2 per 1000 cwts were imported to Britain and each person annually consumed 16.2 pounds of sugar. Sugar consumption equalled nearly 105 of overall food consumed for some families in England in the 1700s. After 1660, sugar imports exceeded the total imports of ALL the other imports coming into Britain. Slavery was probably the most important factor in the driving of the sugar trade. Slaves could be traded for common items that people on plantations had. This in turn could pretty much provide â€Å"free† labor in the production of sugar. If a plantation owner could have enough slaves to run the sugar farm, they could produce more profit and eliminate paid labor. in 1768, at a male slave’s peak price, they cost 41 British pounds. If a plantation owner needed say 100 people to farm and produce sugar, they would be spending roughly 4100 British pounds to have slaves do essentially â€Å"free† work then. If a plantation owner owner had to hire 100 workers and had to pay them 1 British pound a day, then in 41 days, they would be spending more money than they would have if they would have bought 100 slaves. So, slaves essentially paid for themselves in 41 days. After 41 days, production of sugar would be â€Å"free† for the plantation owners. Climate was also a key role in the sugar trade. Without the right climate, sugar cane would have to be produced further away therefore increasing the price of the import. Ideal climate for the production of sugar cane was a latitude range of 37 degrees north to 30 degrees south, a temperature range of 68 to 90 degrees, soil type of volcanic or alluvial with sand/silt/clay mix, and an average rainfall of 80 to 90 inches a year. The climate for the two caribbean islands that Britain received its sugar from was 18 degrees north latitude for Jamaica and 13 degrees north for Barbados, the temperature range for Jamaica was 68 to 86 degrees and 72 to 86 degrees in Barbados, the soil type was clay/silt/sand mix in Jamaica and clay and sand mix in Barbados, and the average rainfall was 77 inches in Jamaica and 60 inches (with considerable variety) in Barbados. The sugar trade was a very booming trade. Many things influenced this trade. We are still experiencing a major usage of sugar in todays world, with many of the same things influencing it, except for slavery. Machines took the place of the slaves.

To Kill A Mockingbird Essay :: Kill Mockingbird essays

Modes of Communication in To Kill a Mockingbird      Effective communication is a result of the utilization of different techniques to convey a particular idea or perspective. Different methods used to express a person's feelings are found throughout society and aid in creating a learned individual, family, and community. In the novel To Kill a Mocking Bird, Harper Lee uses several modes of communication to display her feelings on moral, political, and social issues. Lee's tactics parallel those used by one character in her novel, Atticus Finch. In order to express his feelings to his children, Atticus uses three simple teaching devices; the use of examples, verbal statements, and learning through experience. Although Atticus uses these techniques to develop his children into positive members of society, Lee uses them to create an image for the reader that will ultimately constitute a general understanding of growing up in the south in the mid-nineteen thirties.    One of the methods of communication that Atticus Finch uses is that of an example. By providing his children with a realistic and visual model, Atticus establishes an exemplary learning environment. The most prevalent display of Atticus' utilization of examples is the one he sets himself. He makes it a common practice to live his life as he would like his children to live theirs, and thus displays the attributes of an honest, respectable, and kind man. Atticus demonstrates his character by defending Tom Robinson, a black man on trial for the rape of a white woman. Throughout the trial process, Atticus shows Jem and Scout that true courage is standing up for what you believe in and that all worthy human beings, despite their race, deserve respect. Atticus also tries to be a perfect southern gentleman, teaching Jem and Scout to have grace and compassion for all people. His treatment of Mrs. Dubose proves this characteristic. Even though Mrs. Dubose makes vicious comments and criticisms of Atticus and his children, he still manages to treat her in the kindest manner; complimenting her appearance and helping her into her chair. Atticus sets examples to teach Jem and Scout some values a good person should have. Harper Lee, however, uses examples of life in her novel to give a broader view of humankind.    In order to depict the values, attitudes, and class structures of a small southern town in the mid-nineteen thirties, Harper Lee created various examples.

Mitochondria And Chloroplast Essay :: essays research papers fc

I. Introduction Out of all the organelles there are two that have fascinated microbiologists for the past hundred years. The first is the mitochondria, nicknamed the "powerhouse of the cell." The second is the chloroplast in plant cells that have functions similar to those of the mitochondria. What do these organelles do? What are the similarities and differences of these organelles? This essay will help you to understand these two fascinating organelles. II. Mitochondria Mitochondria are small cytoplasmic organelles. They are five to 10 micrometers long and one to .5 micrometers wide. They main function is to provide energy for cell activities. They house the respiratory enzymes that convert oxygen and the products of fat, carbohydrate, and protein metabolism into adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and guanosine triphosphate (GTP), chemicals that have high-energy bonds. They are hollow all except for a folded line of matter that contains the ribonucleic acid (RNA) or deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the cell. Mitochondrion make use of a process known as oxidation to make fat acids and pyruvate acid into (indirectly) ATP and Pi (inorganic phosphate). The process goes as follows: 1) Oxidation of pyruvate acid into acetyl coenzyme A. 2) Oxidation of fat acids into acetyl coenzyme A. 3) Oxidation of acetyl coenzymes from step one and two into CO2 and NADH2. 4) Oxidation of NADH2 by oxygen forming water. 5) Synthesis of ATP coupled to NADH2 oxidation by process of oxidative phosphorylation. Most of this is self explanatory except for the last step (5). The final step contains a phrase "coupled to." This means that the compound (NADH2) must be present and have been oxidized for the synthesis of ATP, similar to a catalyst's presence of some reactions. Although the mitochondrion's major purpose is to supply the cell with the much needed ATP, it has others. Included in this list are nitrogen metabolism, porphyrin synthesis and steroid hormone synthesis. III. Chloroplasts Chloroplasts are complicated green organelles that occur within the cytoplasm of plant cells. They are the main sites of photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is the change of light energy, CO2 water into sugar which is used as food. They are disk shaped organelles and are surrounded by two layers of membrane that enclose the watery inside or stroma. Inside the stroma there are green dots called grana (grains) that hold chlorophyll. As with the mitochondrion the Chloroplasts use radiant or solar energy to make a product. In this case hexose. 1) The pigment complexes in the chloroplasts (including but not limited to chlorophyll) collect solar energy. 2) The light energy gathered in the first step is used to run an electron transport chain that oxidizes water into 0xygen. NADP is reduced. 3) ATP synthesis is coupled to the electron transport train.

BSN nursing VS RN nursing Essay

There is an ongoing debate on the differences of nurses who possess an associate’s degree versus a bachelor’s degree. Individuals considering nursing as a career may find some confusion when comparing the two degrees. Both bachelor degree nurses as well as associate degree nurses can sit for the nursing licensure exam also known as the NCLEX. One might wonder why a bachelor’s degree requires two more years of preparation when compared to an associate’s degree, when essentially the process of obtaining a nursing license is the same. Ultimately, individuals need to realize that each program has their own set of benefits as well as drawbacks. Associate Degree Nursing has also been in the past referred to as technical nursing. It is perceived that â€Å"associate degree in nursing (ADN) programs, as a rule, emphasize psychomotor learning and technical skills necessary to carry out basic nursing tasks and medically related functions, and provide experiences in basic bedside nursing.† (Kubsch, Hansen, & Huyser-Eatwell, 2008, p. 375) The associate degree nursing program was created during a national shortage of nursing. â€Å"The severity of the nursing shortage in the postwar years encouraged faculty to develop new entry-level nursing programs.† (Creasia & Friberg, 2011, p. 15) This program gives the individual a basic knowledge of nursing care, the human body, and technical skills. With this knowledge an associate level nurse can safely and competently care for a patient. Associate degree programs are beneficial if an individual would like to obtain a degree in a short period of time. The associate level nursing program is lacking on in depth educational preparation on the science and theory of nursing. â€Å"Baccalaureate nursing practice incorporates the roles of assessing, critical thinking, communicating, providing care, teaching and leading.† (Grand Canyon University, 2011, para. 7) The bachelor program encompasses all aspects of the associate program while adding education focused on teaching and leading in the nursing role. The bachelor program also spends a great deal of focus on the theory and science behind nursing. An individual that possesses a bachelor’s degree has the ability to continue their education into a master’s degree or doctorate degree. Education plays a very strong role on the ability and skill level of nursing practice. â€Å"A growing body of research reinforces this belief and shows a connection between baccalaureate education and lower mortality rates.† (â€Å"Creating Highly Qualified Nursing Workforce,† 2012) A bachelor’s degree nurse is better prepared to think critically in high stress situations. In comparison, associate degree nurses and bachelor degree nurses will typically be very similar when it comes to bedside nursing. Bachelor nurses have the skills necessary to appropriately educate a patient at a higher level than an associate degree nurse. Bachelor programs focus on teaching and leading. This encompasses teaching prospective students and more importantly teaching patients. When patients are educated properly it assists in lowering the amount of recurrent admissions as well as helping the patient to maintain their health. A nurse that is educated on critical thinking is more equipped to perform well under stressful situations as well as anticipating the needs of a patient and their family. When presented with certain patient situations, bachelor degree nurses and associate degree nurses tend to approach the situation from different aspects. One instance of this is presented when a code blue has been called on a patient. An associate degree nurse will come into the situation very task oriented. Associate degree nurses know that the patient will require the defibrillator to be hooked up, compressions started and oxygenation initiated. These nurses will be very helpful in providing tasks when directed by the leader of the code. In contrast, a bachelor’s degree nurse may come into the situation very task oriented, although at the same time they will be analyzing what may have caused this patient to code. The bachelor nurse will be more comfortable and confident in taking the lead role of a code blue and will be very proficient in delegating tasks and keeping a calm and efficient environment. Environment is imperative to promoting effective patient care. With ever changing technology and advancements in medical care, nursing proves to be a very challenging profession. Continued education is a requirement for all levels of nursing. â€Å"Although many RN programs begin with a professional nursing course in which values are addressed, such entry courses in ADN programs tend to focus more on nursing skills that must be learned than on values and beliefs of the profession.† (Kubsch, Hansen, & Huyser-Eatwell, 2008, p. 383) Bachelor programs focus more on the values and beliefs, in turn making it a more rounded education. Patients deserve to be cared for by highly educated and competent nurses. Nurses should strive to continue their education for the betterment of patient care. After all nurses are dealing with lives. References Creasia, J. L., & Friberg, E. (2011). Conceptual foundations: The bridge to professional nursing practice (5th ed.). [Adobe digital editions version]. Retrieved from http://pageburstls.elsevier.com/#/books/978-0-323-06869-7/pages/47247548 Creating a more highly qualified nursing workforce. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.aacn.nche.edu/media-relations/fact-sheets/nursing-workforce Grand Canyon University. (2011). Grand canyon university college of nursing philosophy. Retrieved from NRS430V.v10R.GrandCanyonUniversityCollegeofNursingPhilosophy_Student.docx Kubsch, S., Hansen, G., & Huyser-Eatwell, V. (2008, August). Professional values: the case for RN-BSN completion education. Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing, 39, 375-384. Retrieved from http://ehis.ebscohost.com.library.gcu.edu

Fred Page essays

Fred Page essays Fred Page was born on a 3,000-acre farm in Louisiana. He lived there for most of his teenage years. He then moved to Mississippi where he has lived for 52 years. Overall, Mr. Page has had a very long and interesting life. In Louisiana, Freds family was one of the most well off black families of its time. He lived in a great big house and his father worked for many rich people. They raised hogs and cows which was rare for some plantations. When Fred was 12 years old, he was hired to pick cotton. He could pick about a couple hundred pounds of cotton by two oclock. During the picking he would hardly see a white person, unless the overseer was white. When he moved to Mississippi, he began working at the Melrose Plantation at the age of 18. His owner, Mrs. Kelly was very high cultured. She taught him the rich culture ways like they would use in New York, so he would know how the white people would talk to him. Fred was very sophisticated for a young black teenage. When he started working in the State of Mississippi he wasnt quite used to the way a black person was supposed to speak. Everyone you talked to is yas em and no em and yas em giving that high honor, you know. And I started saying yes and no, but I soon got out of that. In a couple of weeks I blended back down to Yas and nosm, that sort of thing. This is very similar to the character Grant in A Lesson Before Dying. Grant was smarter than most of the white people he knew, but sometimes had to act more dumb to give them pleasure or acted smarter to piss them off. He began only giving tours to blacks and everyone gave Freds tours high reviews. When he started giving tours to whites, they asked Mrs. Kelly if he could handle it and they would say, I dont want him talking to my children, while Fre ...

Discuss and Analyze The Events of The 1968 Democratic National Convention in Chicago and What Caused Them essays

Discuss and Analyze The Events of The 1968 Democratic National Convention in Chicago and What Caused Them essays The purpose of this paper is to introduce, discuss, and analyze the topic of American history. Specifically it will discuss the events at the 1968 Democratic National Convention in Chicago, and what caused them. The 1968 Convention in Chicago is remembered for its violent riots and government response to those riots. The problems in Chicago had roots in the Vietnam War, but the many causes went deeper than that. Vietnam helped create a division in the country, but the country was ripe for division and dissension. The postwar consensus in American society was highest in the 1950s when the economy was healthy, and most Americans were content. However, underlying the consensus was unrest in many areas. Teens, born in the war years were tired of following the strict mores of society. They rebelled by wearing jeans, listening to rock and roll, and opposing the morals of their parents. They wanted something different than suburbia, and so they tried to be more liberal and outspoken than their parents. This was the generation that would protest the Vietnam War, dabble in illegal drugs, and eventually rise up against the government and establishment. However, there was much more to the social rebellion that created such a rift in the country. While most white Americans were content in their lives, blacks, who had fought alongside whites in the war, came home to segregation, prejudice, and a lack of basic civil rights. They became increasingly discontent with their situation, and began to loudly protest for their Civil Rights. Their protests actually worked, and the Civil Rights bills of the 1960s ensured equal rights for blacks and other minorities. Seeing this success, others who were discontent with the government and the war in Vietnam used the same tactics to protest, but these protests began to turn violent and ugly. Blacks are killed in many riots, including riots following the assassination of Reverend Martin Luther K...